Описание: Iron Curtain Graphics presents a selection of handmade graphic design, illustration, and typography from the Communist era that is startlingly innovative and colorful—and a unique inspiration for current cutting-edge work that takes its visual cues from past design ideas, concepts, and techniques rather than the latest computer-driven technology.
The chapters Propaganda, Safety at Work, Culture & Entertainment, and Education & Science feature posters and signs as well as book and magazine covers that have not lost any of their visual impact today. The examples are a testament to how creative and experimental designers could be despite (or exactly because of) being bound by strict rules established by the state.
Автор: Rose Richard, Davies Phillip L. Название: Inheritance in Public Policy: Change Without Choice in Britain ISBN: 0300206461 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780300206463 Издательство: Wiley yUP Рейтинг: Цена: 2970.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Although politicians promise innovation and change when they run for office, once elected they face inherited commitments to programs initiated by their predecessors, legacies that severely limit their freedom of choice. In this trail blazing work, Richard Rose and Phillip L. Davies systematically examine the ways in which decisions made by past generations of administrators control policy-making in the present. Basing their conclusions on a unique study of hundreds of public programs in effect in Britain since the end of World War II, Rose and Davies show that the impact of an administration's choices is greatest long after its term is concluded. Even though individual politicians have left office, their agenda is carried forward by the force of political inertia--the laws, public agencies, and budgets in continuing effect and the expectations of beneficiaries. The limited choices that each administration makes are of two very different types. Some reflect careful deliberation over the years and are incorporated in the legacy of successive administrations. Others are trial-and-error attempts to deal with dissatisfaction arising from conditions that often lead to failure. The authors test three theories to account for differences in the persistence of particular types of policy. They conclude that the biggest stimulus for choice (and failure) comes from the turbulence of the market. Social programs are adopted much less often but are much more durable because they concern the enduring needs of families.
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