Описание: This Brief discusses the adoption of the mixed member proportional (MMP) electoral system in New Zealand and its subsequent effect on representation for women. Concerns about the homogeneity of the legislature under the Single Member Plurality electoral system and the need for increased representativeness and greater proportionality of party preference lead to the changeover in 1996. The book addresses the question of whether an increase in descriptive representation for women in New Zealand’s House of Representatives has translated to policy outcomes that are beneficial to them. It also examines the extent to which female MPs meet the expectation that they will act for members of their groups; pushing minority and gender-friendly legislation and policies into the political arena. Finally, it raises questions about where women are found in New Zealand’s decision making bodies and what influence they might have on policy outcomes. The first book to examine the effects of the MMP system on female descriptive and substantive representation using a case study analysis, this Brief adds to the literature on electoral systems and women’s political representation. This book will be of use to political science students at both the undergraduate and graduate level, particularly those interested in electoral studies, political institutions, politics and gender, and minority representation.
Автор: Owen Bernard Название: Proportional Western Europe ISBN: 1137353872 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781137353870 Издательство: Springer Рейтинг: Цена: 12577.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This is a history of political parties in ten nations (with the sections on France and Germany limited to specific period), and a critique of the existing literature that emphasizes the importance of electoral rules as determinative of political party systems.
Автор: Barak Название: Proportionality ISBN: 1107401194 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107401198 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 8078.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Having identified proportionality as the main tool for limiting constitutional rights, Aharon Barak explores its components and discusses its relationship with reasonableness. He goes on to analyse the concept of deference and to consider the main arguments against the use of proportionality.
Автор: Klatt, Matthias; Meister, Moritz Название: The Constitutional Structure of Proportionality ISBN: 0199662460 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780199662463 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 12514.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Proportionality is one of the most important principles in constitutional law, relevant throughout the law and in jurisdictions worldwide. Setting out the `state of the art` in proportionality doctrine, this book combines theoretical reconstruction with case-law examples, defending and developing the dominant model of proportionality.
Автор: Miler Название: Constituency Representation in Congress ISBN: 1107677009 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107677005 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 5069.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This book draws on cognitive psychology to examine empirically the important questions of which constituents legislators see when they look at their district and how these limited perceptions affect their behavior in the US House.
Автор: John O`Quigley Название: Proportional Hazards Regression ISBN: 1441920455 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781441920454 Издательство: Springer Рейтинг: Цена: 18167.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This book focuses on the theory and applications of a very broad class of models which underlie modern survival analysis. However, this text differs from most recent works in that it is mostly concerned with methodological issues rather than the analysis itself.
Автор: Cohen-Eliya Название: Proportionality and Constitutional Culture ISBN: 1107605717 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107605718 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 5544.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Proportionality is currently the most important constitutional doctrine worldwide, spreading to every democracy apart from the USA. Although widely discussed, it has not been the subject of a thorough cultural and historical examination until now. This book compares proportionality with its counterpart in American constitutional law, balancing.
Автор: Huscroft Название: Proportionality and the Rule of Law ISBN: 1107064074 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107064072 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 17424.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This volume brings together many of the world`s leading constitutional theorists - proponents and critics of proportionality - to debate the merits of proportionality, the nature of rights, the practice of judicial review, and moral and legal reasoning. Their essays provide important new perspectives on this leading doctrine in human rights law.
Автор: Newton Michael A., May Larry Название: Proportionality in International Law ISBN: 0199355037 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780199355037 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 15840.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Proportionality is intimately linked to the overarching concepts of self-defense, lawful force, and the controlled application of violence. It is one of the most visible facets of humanitarian law designed to reduce unnecessary human suffering and avoid excessive damage to property, and the natural environment. However, its application has come under renewed scrutiny and sustained controversy as a result of wars against non-state actors and from the extensive use of drones, human shields, cyber war techniques, and counterinsurgency tactics. Proportionality in International Law critically assesses the law of proportionality in normative terms combining abstract philosophical and legal analysis with highly emotive contemporary combat cases. The principle of proportionality permits actions that are logically linked to the intended goal, and thus defines the permissible boundaries for the initiation and conduct of modern wars. The case studies discussed in this book are predominantly from the perspective of those who make decisions in the midst of armed conflict, bringing analytic rigor to the debates as well as sensitivity to facts on the ground. The authors analyze modern usages of proportionality across a wide range of contexts enabling a more complete comprehension of the values that it preserves. This book contrasts the applications of proportionality in both jus ad bellum (the law and morality of resort to force) and within jus in bello (the doctrines applicable for using force in the midst of conflicts). Proportionality in International Law provides the reader with a unique interdisciplinary approach, offering practitioners and policymakers alike greater clarity over how proportionality should be understood in theory and in practice.
Автор: Brady Название: Proportionality and Deference under the UK Human Rights Act ISBN: 1107013003 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107013001 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 15840.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Alan D. P. Brady develops a new approach to the proportionality test under the Human Rights Act. Through a rigorous theoretical analysis of existing case law, he provides a new and effective explanation of proportionality and deference which will be of particular interest to academics, practitioners and research students.
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