This book examines the cause of the student achievement gap, suggesting that the prevailing emphasis on socioeconomic factors, sociocultural influences, and teacher quality is misplaced. The cause of the achievement gap is not differences in parenting styles, or the economic advantages of middle-class parents, or differences in the quality of teachers. Instead, schools present learning tasks and award grades in ways that inadvertently undermine the self-efficacy, engagement, and effort of low-performing students, causing demoralization and exacerbating differences in achievement that are seen to exist as early as kindergarten. This process systematically maintains and widens initial gaps in achievement that might otherwise be expected to disappear over the K-12 years. Misdiagnosis of the nature of the achievement gap has led to misguided solutions. The author draws upon a range of research studies to support this view and to offer recommendations for improvement.
Описание: Amy Austin Holmes argues that the relationship between US military presence in foreign countries and the non-US citizens under its security umbrella is inherently contradictory. She suggests that while the host population may be fully enfranchised citizens of their own government, they are at the same time disenfranchised vis-a-vis the US presence.
Автор: Deal Terrence E., Peterson Kent D. Название: Shaping School Culture ISBN: 1119210194 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781119210191 Издательство: Wiley Рейтинг: Цена: 4277.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: The most trusted guide to school culture, updated with current challenges and new solutions Shaping School Culture is the classic guide to exceptional school leadership, featuring concrete guidance on influencing the subtle symbolic features of schools that provide meaning, belief, and faith.
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the United States Army became the principal agent of American foreign policy. The army designed, implemented, and administered the occupations of the defeated Axis powers Germany and Japan, as well as many other nations. Generals such as Lucius Clay in Germany, Douglas MacArthur in Japan, Mark Clark in Austria, and John Hodge in Korea presided over these territories as proconsuls. At the beginning of the Cold War, more than 300 million people lived under some form of U.S. military authority. The army's influence on nation-building at the time was profound, but most scholarship on foreign policy during this period concentrates on diplomacy at the highest levels of civilian government rather than the armed forces' governance at the local level.
In Army Diplomacy, Hudson explains how U.S. Army policies in the occupied nations represented the culmination of more than a century of military doctrine. Focusing on Germany, Austria, and Korea, Hudson's analysis reveals that while the post--World War II American occupations are often remembered as overwhelming successes, the actual results were mixed. His study draws on military sociology and institutional analysis as well as international relations theory to demonstrate how "bottom-up" decisions not only inform but also create higher-level policy. As the debate over post-conflict occupations continues, this fascinating work offers a valuable perspective on an important yet underexplored facet of Cold War history.
Описание: How is it that the United States-a country founded on a distrust of standing armies and strong centralized power-came to have the most powerful military in history? This book argues that there are profound relationships among the size and persistence of the American military complex, and the growth in presidential power to launch military actions.
Описание: In December 1931, El Salvador`s civilian president, Arturo Araujo, was overthrown in a military coup. Such an event was hardly unique in Salvadoran history, but the 1931 coup proved to be a watershed. Araujo had been the nation`s first democratically elected president, and although no one could have foreseen the result, the coup led to five decades of uninterrupted military rule, the longest run in modern Latin American history. Furthermore, six weeks after coming to power, the new military regime oversaw the crackdown on a peasant rebellion in western El Salvador that is one of the worst episodes of state-sponsored repression in modern Latin American history. Democracy would not return to El Salvador until the 1990s, and only then after a brutal twelve-year civil war. In "Authoritarian El Salvador: Politics and the Origins of the Military Regimes, 1880-1940, " Erik Ching seeks to explain the origins of the military regime that came to power in 1931. Based on his comprehensive survey of the extant documentary record in El Salvador`s national archive, Ching argues that El Salvador was typified by a longstanding tradition of authoritarianism dating back to the early- to mid-nineteenth century. The basic structures of that system were based on patron-client relationships that wove local, regional, and national political actors into complex webs of rival patronage networks. Decidedly nondemocratic in practice, the system nevertheless exhibited highly paradoxical traits: it remained steadfastly loyal to elections as the mechanism by which political aspirants acquired office, and it employed a political discourse laden with appeals to liberty and free suffrage. That blending of nondemocratic authoritarianism with populist reformism and rhetoric set the precedent for military rule for the next fifty years. "With his "Authoritarian El Salvador: Politics and the Origins of the Military Regimes, 1880-1940, "Erik Ching makes a significant and original contribution to the historiography of Central America and to debates on patron-client relations and systems of political development. No doubt the enormous empirical research and attention to archival detail he presents will spark debate in the rich and growing literature on politics, democracy, and authoritarianism in post-independence Latin America." --Justin Wolfe, Tulane University
Автор: Chandler, Alfred D. Название: Strategy and structure ISBN: 0262530090 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780262530095 Издательство: MIT Press Рейтинг: Цена: 8465.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise.
Автор: Main Jackson Turner Название: Social Structure of Revolutionary America ISBN: 0691622035 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780691622033 Издательство: Wiley Рейтинг: Цена: 7128.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Professor Main`s conviction is that an understanding of political history in Colonial America depends on a knowledge of the country`s underlying social structure. To provide this he examines different types of societies in revolutionary America between 1763 and 1788: frontier, subsistence farm, commercial farm, urban. He studies in detail the natur
Описание: Ethnic Differences, first published in 1989, explores how and why the Irish, Italians, Jews, and blacks of Providence, Rhode Island differed in their schooling and economic success. The book offers an integrated study of American ethnicity, education, and social structure.
Описание: This publication is the definitive report of the United Nations on the state of the world economy. Global economic growth is forecast to increase marginally, at 3.1% in 2015 and 3.3% in 2016. An expected US interest rate increase, remaining euro area fragility, a further slowdown in developing economies and several geopolitical conflicts pose major concerns for the global economic outlook today.
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