Voluntary Standard Systems, Carsten Schmitz-Hoffmann; Michael Schmidt; Berthol

Автор: Edoardo Croci
Название: The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements
ISBN: 9048168430 ISBN-13(EAN): 9789048168439
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: EDOARDOCROCI IEFE - Universita Bocconi, Milano, Italy Voluntary approaches in environmental policy represent a "third wave" of regulation in the environmental field. "Command and control" was the first wave. Its core is based on uniform emission standards, the respect of which needs to be enforced through extensive monitoring and severe sanctions. The expected cost of sanction for non-compliance, calculated as its amount multiplied for the probability to be caught, must be superior to the benefits of non-compliance, in order to let the sanction be effective. As the benefits of non-compliance can vary among firms, sanctions need to be very high in order to be effective. In fact sanctions are ordinary correlated to environmental damage and not to the benefits of non-compliance. But very high sanctions can be difficult to enforce as they appear unfair and can lead to dramatic consequences on firms and workers, up to shut-downs of plants. Ambient standards reduce these problems, but oblige the regulator to know a huge amount of information, regarding the specific contribution of each polluter to the polluted body. Information is difficult to obtain because of asymmetric information and costly to produce because it requires large and skilled regulating and enforcing organizations. Nevertheless complex regulation is the base of any environmental policy framework, as it allows the policy maker to fully exercise its power of composition of various interests in a relatively transparent way. Economic instruments were the second wave.

Автор: Carlo Carraro; Fran?ois L?v?que
Название: Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policy
ISBN: 9048151562 ISBN-13(EAN): 9789048151561
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: Over the years, voluntary approaches to emission reductions have increasingly been adopted by major companies all over the world and have been supported by regulatory bodies and public administrations. This title provides an analysis of main aspects characterising the design and implementation of voluntary approaches in environmental policy.