Описание: Irfan Ahmad makes the far-reaching argument that potent systems and modes for self-critique as well as critique of others are inherent in Islam - indeed, critique is integral to its fundamental tenets and practices. Challenging common views of Islam as hostile to critical thinking, Ahmad delineates thriving traditions of critique in Islamic culture, focusing in large part on South Asian traditions. Ahmad contemplates and interrogates Greek and Enlightenment notions of reason and critique, and he notes how they are invoked in relation to ""others,"" including Muslims. Drafting an alternative genealogy of critique in Islam, Ahmad reads religious teachings and texts, drawing on sources in Hindi, Urdu, Farsi, and English, and demonstrates how they serve as expressions of critique. Throughout, he depicts Islam as an agent, not an object, of critique.On a broader level, Ahmad expands the idea of critique itself. Drawing on his fieldwork among marketplace hawkers in Delhi and Aligarh, he construes critique anthropologically as a sociocultural activity in the everyday lives of ordinary Muslims, beyond the world of intellectuals. Religion as Critique allows space for new theoretical considerations of modernity and change, taking on such salient issues as nationhood, women's equality, the state, culture, democracy, and secularism.
Описание: The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are still in the early stages. This book would be helpful to educate the people towards alternative energy sources. Additionally, these energy sources would be pollution free as compared to coal which is a source of electricity. Until now, it’s a severe challenge for both experiment and theory to make clear the fundamental properties of the ultrafast electron injection and come up to the satisfied efficiency of DSSC. Further developments in dye design will play a vital part in the continuing optimization of DSSC and it depends on the quantitative knowledge of dye sensitizer. So the theoretical investigations of the physical properties of dye sensitizers are very important in order to disclose the relationship among the performance, structures and the properties, it is also supportive to design and production of novel dye sensitizers with higher performance. Porpyrins are the stable organic chromophores which absorb visible light well and, luminesce with very high efficiency. The present book deals with the Structural, electronic and photophysical properties as well as structure-property relationship.
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