Handbook of Graphene, Ashutosh Tiwari

- Optimization of graphene growth and challenges for synthesis of high-quality graphene and graphite in metallic materials;

- Exfoliation of graphene sheets obtained by sonication, ball milling and use of polymers and surfactants;

- Structure, electronic properties, functionalization methods, and prospects of epitaxial graphene grown on hexagonal and cubic silicon carbide substrates;

- Growth of graphene on Si(111) wafers via direct deposition of solid-state carbon atom and characterization of graphene-on-silicon films;

- Chemical reactivity and modification of electronical properties of graphene grown on Ni(111);

- Enhancement of the cell wall strength and stability of foam structure utilizing graphene;

- Influence of applied strain and magnetic field on the electronic and transport properties of graphene with different kinds of defects;

- Application of hydrogen functionalized graphene in spintronic nanodevices;

- Electrochemistry and catalytic properties of graphene-based materials;

- Functionalization of graphene with molecules and/or nanoparticles for advanced applications such as flexible electronics, biological systems, ink-jet applications and coatings;

- Graphene-based composite materials devoted to electrochemical applications such as supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries and electrode material;

- Three-dimensional graphene-based structures which preserve the intrinsic properties of 2D graphene and provide advanced functionalities with desired characteristics in a wide range of applications such as sensors, batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, etc.;

- Carbon allotropes between diamond and graphite, which allow creating semiconductor properties in graphene and related structures.

The 18 chapters of this handbook represent deep and very stimulating contributions to the processes of growth, synthesis and functionalization of graphene for several potential applications.

This book is intended for students and active researchers in the field of graphene who are currently investigating the fundamental properties of this amazing low-dimensional material and its applications in micro- and nanotechnologies. It is also necessary reading for entrepreneurs and industrialists because it discusses a variety of possible applications of graphene and different ways of improving the quality of synthesized graphene.

Pristine graphene is nominally a semimetal, but in practice its electronic properties and structure are often modified as analyzed in Chapters 2, 3, and 11. These changes can be due to topological defects (see Chapter 1), chemical adsorption (see Chapter 7), isolated vacancies (see Chapter 12), strain (see Chapter 8), or by confined geometries/nanoribbons (see Chapter 5). Electron-electron interaction can also modify graphene's properties as outlined in Chapters 4 and 14, focusing on the Fermi velocity renormalization and optical response as well as on the magnetotransport in the extreme quantum limit, respectively. Furthermore, graphene or other two-dimensional structures often need to be described as membrane as described in Chapters 6, 9, 17, and 18. Among possible applications, arguably optoelectronic devices are among the most likely ones as reviewed and analyzed in Chapters 19 and 13, respectively. Graphene can also host highly confined surface plasmon-polaritons with low losses and their properties are discussed in Chapters 15 and 16. Finally, graphene's use for the detection of biomolecules as well as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are described in Chapters 10 and 20, respectively.

This 3^rd volume of the Handbook is solely focused on Graphene-Like 2D Materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to proximity-induced topological transition and strain-induced charge transfer in graphene/MoS₂ bilayer heterostructures; planar graphene superlattices; magnetic and optical properties of graphene materials with porous defects; graphynes: advanced carbon materials with layered structure; nanoelectronic application of graphyne and its structural derivatives; twisted bilayer graphene: low-energy physics, electronic and optical properties; effects of charged coulomb impurities on low-lying energy spectra in graphene magnetic dot and ring; graphene in bioelectronics; graphene metamaterial electron optics: excitation processes and electro-optical modulation; linear carbon: from 1D carbyne to 2D hybrid sp-sp² nanostructures beyond graphene; band structure modifications in beyond graphene materials; chemically modified 2D materials: production and applications; black phosphorus saturable absorber for passive mode-locking pulses generation; search for fundamental physics on table top experiments with Dirac-Weyl materials.

This 4th volume of the Handbook is solely focused on Graphene Composite Materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to graphene composites; graphene-reinforced advanced composite materials; interfacial mechanical properties of graphene/substrate System: measurement methods and experimental analysis; graphene-based ceramic composites; Ab Initio design of 2D and 3D graphene-based nanostructure; graphene-based composite nanostructures; graphene-based composites with shape memory effect; graphene-based scroll structures: optical characterization and its application in resistive switching memory devices; fabrication and properties of copper-graphene composites; graphene-metal oxide composite as anode material in li-ion batteries; graphene/TiO₂ nanocomposites: synthesis routes, characterization, and solar cell applications; role of reduced graphene oxide nanosheet composition with ZnO nanostructures in gas sensing properties; functional graphene oxide/epoxy nanocomposite coatings with enhanced protection properties; supramolecular graphene-based systems for drug delivery; polymeric nanocomposites including graphene nanoplatelets; graphene oxide-polyacrylamide composites: optical and mechanical characterizations; synthesis, characterization, and applications of polymer/graphene oxide composite materials.

Chapter 1 describes a novel use of graphene sheets on repairing defective soldering joints in densely packed printed circuit boards and multi-chip modules. Chapter 2 demonstrates the use of the highly conductive and ultra-flexible printed graphene to fabricate flexible Radio-frequency identification (RFID) antennas and sensors. It is envisaged that the printed graphene technology will significantly advance low-cost, flexible and wearable electronics for healthcare, wellbeing monitoring, and IoT applications. A comprehensive study for the graphene-metal contact and its modeling technique are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 provides a review of modeling methods that have been used in graphene research in various levels, from atomic level approaches like ab initio and empirical tight-binding in studying its basic material properties such as the energy dispersion relations, to semi-classical, continuum-based drift-diffusion approach in calculating its electrical transport properties, down the line to compact model description used in circuit simulation. Theoretical principles, fabrication processes, and applications of graphene-on-silicon photonic integrated circuits are comprehensively introduced in Chapter 5.

The unique properties of graphene have enabled it to be a focus of international attention in the materials fraternity. Chapter 6 discuses about the sustainability, research and development of graphene for present and future engineering applications especially in the complex web of soft and hard challenging engineering infrastructure. Graphene oxide, as the derivative of graphene, inherits its feature of structure and properties and has been applied in various fields nowadays. Chapter 7 describes the new synthesis method, basic properties, and future electronic applications for graphene oxide multilayers obtained from bamboo. Laser reduction of graphene oxide is a highly simple yet versatile method for the rapid prototyping and fabrication of graphene-based devices. Chapter 8 reviews the state-of-the-art in laser reduction of graphene oxide, using a variety of laser sources (pulsed and continuous wave), as well as non-laser light. Chapter 9 describes wave propagation responses of double-layered graphene sheets under hygrothermal environment.

In this era of increasing need of miniaturization, the isolation of graphene has also caused breakthrough in a multitude of interdisciplinary fields especially in Terahertz (THz) technology. Chapter 10 describes on graphene THz leaky-wave antennas. Chapter 11 presents in detail the potential THz applications using graphene in future communication, electronics, and other fields. Modelling of graphene nanoribbons antenna to enhance nano-communications in THz range is discussed in Chapter 12. In the THz range, graphene shows interesting properties, because its surface conductivity becomes mostly reactive and hence can support plasmonic propagation. Chapter 13 presents graphene-based planar plasmonic components for THz applications.

The Graphene Science Handbook is a six-volume set that describes graphene's special structural, electrical, and chemical properties. The book considers how these properties can be used in different applications (including the development of batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and supercapacitors based on graphene) and produced on a massive and global scale.

Volume One: Fabrication Methods

Volume Two: Nanostructure and Atomic Arrangement

Volume Three: Electrical and Optical Properties

Volume Four: Mechanical and Chemical Properties

Volume Five: Size-Dependent Properties

Volume Six: Applications and Industrialization

This handbook describes the fabrication methods of graphene; the nanostructure and atomic arrangement of graphene; graphene's electrical and optical properties; the mechanical and chemical properties of graphene; the size effects in graphene, characterization, and applications based on size-affected properties; and the application and industrialization of graphene.

Volume three is dedicated to graphene's electrical and optical properties and covers:

• Graphene and graphene nanoribbons for use in high-frequency transistors, energy-efficient electronics and photonic devices
• The interface of graphene/high-κ dielectrics
• The strain-induced modifications of plasmons in graphene
• A possible advanced physical framework for treating graphenic structures
• Recent progresses in the electric lens based on graphene-like materials
• The thermal and thermoelectric transport properties of graphene
• A numerical method for simulating the electromagnetic field interaction with single-layer graphene and more