Описание: In this sweeping and richly illustrated history, S. Frederick Starr tells the fascinating but largely unknown story of Central Asia`s medieval enlightenment through the eventful lives and astonishing accomplishments of its greatest minds--remarkable figures who built a bridge to the modern world. Because nearly all of these figures wrote in Arabic,
By the middle of the fourteenth century, Christian control of the Iberian Peninsula extended to the borders of the emirate of Granada, whose Muslim rulers acknowledged Castilian suzerainty. No longer threatened by Moroccan incursions, the kings of Castile were diverted from completing the Reconquest by civil war and conflicts with neighboring Christian kings. Mindful, however, of their traditional goal of recovering lands formerly ruled by the Visigoths, whose heirs they claimed to be, the Castilian monarchs continued intermittently to assault Granada until the late fifteenth century. Matters changed thereafter, when Fernando and Isabel launched a decade-long effort to subjugate Granada. Utilizing artillery and expending vast sums of money, they methodically conquered each Na?rid stronghold until the capitulation of the city of Granada itself in 1492. Effective military and naval organization and access to a diversity of financial resources, joined with papal crusading benefits, facilitated the final conquest. Throughout, the Na?rids had emphasized the urgency of a jih?d waged against the Christian infidels, while the Castilians affirmed that the expulsion of the "enemies of our Catholic faith" was a necessary, just, and holy cause. The fundamentally religious character of this last stage of conflict cannot be doubted, Joseph F. O'Callaghan argues.
Описание: This book introduces the reader to the field of legal papyrology through numerous translated documents accompanied by expert but accessible scholarly commentary. Integrating Demotic and Coptic documents with those written in Greek and Latin, it will be important for scholars and advanced students of ancient history, papyrology, Egyptology, and legal and economic history.
Автор: Nester William R. Название: The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ISBN: 0806151897 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780806151892 Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan) Рейтинг: Цена: 3756.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: The French and Indian War was the world's first truly global conflict. When the French lost to the British in 1763, they lost their North American empire along with most of their colonies in the Caribbean, India, and West Africa. In The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France, the only comprehensive account from the French perspective, William R. Nester explains how and why the French were defeated. He explores the fascinating personalities and epic events that shaped French diplomacy, strategy, and tactics and determined North America's destiny. What began in 1754 with a French victory - the defeat at Fort Necessity of a young Lieutenant Colonel George Washington - quickly became a disaster for France. The cost in soldiers, ships, munitions, provisions, and treasure was staggering. France was deeply in debt when the war began, and that debt grew with each year. Further, the country's inept system of government made defeat all but inevitable. Nester describes missed diplomatic and military opportunities as well as military defeats late in the conflict. Nester masterfully weaves his narrative of this complicated war with thorough accounts of the military, economic, technological, social, and cultural forces that affected its outcome. Readers learn not only how and why the French lost, but how the problems leading up to that loss in 1763 foreshadowed the French Revolution almost twenty-five years later. One of the problems at Versailles was the king's mistress, the powerful Madame de Pompadour, who encouraged Louis XV to become his own prime minister. The bewildering labyrinth of French bureaucracy combined with court intrigue and financial challenges only made it even more difficult for the French to succeed. Ultimately, Nester shows, France lost the war because Versailles failed to provide enough troops and supplies to fend off the English enemy.
Автор: Laurie, G.b. Название: French conquest of algeria ISBN: 1845741145 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781845741143 Издательство: Неизвестно Рейтинг: Цена: 7449.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: "We have given the Gallic cockerel a vast heap of sand" said British Foreign secretary Lord Salisbury after Britain and France divided much of Africa between them. 'Let him scratch it how he will'. France's chief 'sandpit' was Algeria, conquered in 1830 in the otherwise undistinguished reign of King Louis-Philippe. with the aid of the newly-formed French Foreign Legion who were to be based in Algeria for the next century and beyond. The story of that conquest is recounted here for the first time in English by a British officer in a book first published in 1909. Algeria was wrested from the feeble hands of the Dey of Algiers, the Arab ruler who paid homage to the Ottoman Empire - already far gone in decay. But if getting hold of the vast country, mostly composed of barren desert and mountains, was comparatively easy, keeping it was to prove a nightmare from which France only awoke in 1962 when Algeria gained independence. Laurie's book is a clear and concise account of a colonial conquest in a part of the world where conflict continues to this day.
Автор: Sessions Jennifer E. Название: By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria ISBN: 0801456525 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780801456527 Издательство: Wiley EDC Рейтинг: Цена: 5663.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание:
In 1830, with France's colonial empire in ruins, Charles X ordered his army to invade Ottoman Algiers. Victory did not salvage his regime from revolution, but it began the French conquest of Algeria, which was continued and consolidated by the succeeding July Monarchy. In By Sword and Plow, Jennifer E. Sessions explains why France chose first to conquer Algeria and then to transform it into its only large-scale settler colony. Deftly reconstructing the political culture of mid-nineteenth-century France, she also sheds light on policies whose long-term consequences remain a source of social, cultural, and political tensions in France and its former colony.
In Sessions's view, French expansion in North Africa was rooted in contests over sovereignty and male citizenship in the wake of the Atlantic revolutions of the eighteenth century. The French monarchy embraced warfare as a means to legitimize new forms of rule, incorporating the Algerian army into royal iconography and public festivals. Colorful broadsides, songs, and plays depicted the men of the Arm?e d'Afrique as citizen soldiers. Social reformers and colonial theorists formulated plans to settle Algeria with European emigrants. The propaganda used to recruit settlers featured imagery celebrating Algeria's agricultural potential, but the male emigrants who responded were primarily poor, urban laborers who saw the colony as a place to exercise what they saw as their right to work. Generously illustrated with examples of this imperialist iconography, Sessions's work connects a wide-ranging culture of empire to specific policies of colonization during a pivotal period in the genesis of modern France.
