Описание: New infections with HIV remain an urgent problem among young people in Africa, but many young Africans pursue sexual relationships with little thought about the epidemic. This book examines young people's sexual relationships in a region typical of rural sub-Saharan Africa and investigates why the risk of HIV infection generally was not a salient concern for them. It is based on an extraordinarily large and representative qualitative study that was affiliated with an adolescent sexual health intervention trial and included three person-years of participant observation conducted by young East Africans in nine Tanzanian villages. The book describes typical patterns of sexual relationship formation in adolescence and early adult life, the variety of young people's relationships and practices, and the contradictory social ideals and expectations that led premarital and extramarital relationships to be concealed. Young men's main motivations for sex were pleasure and masculine identity, while young women's was to receive money or materials to meet their basic needs, such as soap or a daytime meal. By their late teens most young people had experienced one-time sexual encounters, open-ended opportunistic relationships, and main sometimes semi-public partnerships. Relationships could involve desire, possessiveness, and affection, but romantic idealization of a partner was rare. Many young people expected their partners to be monogamous, but themselves had had concurrent relationships by age 20. The practice of hiding premarital sexual relationships from adults often also concealed them from other sexual partners, which helped maintain concurrency and inhibited realistic risk perception. Understanding of the biology of HIV/AIDS was very limited. Condoms were rarely used because they were associated with reduced pleasure, infection and promiscuity. Sexually transmitted infections were common, but several factors hindered young people from seeking biomedical treatment for them. Many instead relied on tradit
Описание: According to recent estimates, about 1.5 billion people are affected by the conflict and instability that characterize fragile states, defined as those that are unable to fulfill basic state functions. This volume of The ANNALS addresses the questions of why and how some states succeed in becoming more robust, and others do not.
Paving new ground in theory development, the articles in this volume explore factors that contribute to institution-building in fragile states through comparative case studies. Such factors include the limits (and benefits) of domestic and foreign aid; the impact of a state's historical strength; the impact of colonial and postcolonial interventions; and the political economy incentives for political leaders to sustain state fragility. Overall, the studies illustrate that aid has both positive and negative effects on institution-building in fragile states. Aid has the potential to contribute to state robustness through changing incentives and shaping institutional structures directly. However, aid can also weaken states, depending on a state's domestic institutional legacy and political dynamics. The studies call for more research into theories of institution-building to further enhance those that have been discussed in this volume of The ANNALS.
Описание: This book provides a much-needed, first broad portrayal of how child participation is implemented in practice today.
Автор: Hartman Chester Название: America`s Growing Inequality: The Impact of Poverty and Race ISBN: 1498521118 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781498521116 Издательство: Bloomsbury Рейтинг: Цена: 9653.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: America`s Growing Inequality presents the links between racism and poverty in the United States, highlighting the work of social justice organizations to facilitate an end to their presence in society. The facts, analyses, and policy proposals that comprise this book will inform scholars and students in a range of disciplines including sociology, social work, urban planning, and economics.
Описание: In China, despite the introduction of economic reforms that have lifted millions out of poverty, the income gap between rural and urban areas remains wide. There is a growing realization in policy circles that economic growth alone cannot reduce absolute poverty and inequality, and that investment in human development is needed to sustain growth and improve social cohesion. Prepared as a collaborative study between the World Bank and China’s National Population and Family Planning Commission, Early Child Development in China: Breaking the Cycle of Poverty and Improving Future Competitiveness analyzes the challenges facing the country in the care, development, and education for children from birth to six years of age, and details the long-term social benefits and high economic returns that targeted early child development interventions for disadvantaged children can provide.Investments in early child development are one of the most cost effective strategies for breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty and improving productivity and social cohesion in the long run. This report studies how programs to improve prenatal care, raise the health status and nutritional standards of young children, improve the knowledge of mothers and primary caregivers about health, child care, and nurturing techniques, and expand the availability of preprimary education services across China can strengthen a child’s prospects for success later in life. Ensuring that children can grow and live to their full potential is essential to enable the country to improve its future competitiveness and overcome the challenges it faces from an ageing population and the transition from a middle- to a high-income economy.
Автор: Hartman Chester W. Название: America S Growing Inequality: The Impact of Poverty and Race ISBN: 0739191713 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780739191712 Издательство: Неизвестно Рейтинг: Цена: 44601.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: America`s Growing Inequality presents the links between racism and poverty in the United States, highlighting the work of social justice organizations to facilitate an end to their presence in society. The facts, analyses, and policy proposals that comprise this book will inform scholars and students in a range of disciplines including sociology, social work, urban planning, and economics.
Описание: The Search for the Legacy of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee is a collection of essays that seeks to redefine the "legacy" of the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study in light of recent findings from other scientific studies that challenge the long-standing, widely-held understanding of the study. These essays are written with thoughtful attention to fully integrate the essayists' perspectives on the impact of the study on the lives of Americans today and place the legacy of the study within the evolving picture of racial and ethnic relations in the United States. Each essayist looks through his or her own personal and professional prism to give an account of what constitutes that legacy today. Contributors include the two leading historians of the Tuskeegee Syphilis Study and two former Surgeons General of the United States as well as other prominent scholars from the fields of public health, bioethics, psychology, biostatistics, medicine, dentistry, journalism, medical sociology, medical anthropology, and health disparities research.
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