Before Columbus's fateful voyage in 1492, no European had ever seen, much less tasted, tobacco or chocolate. Initially dismissed as dry leaves and an odd Indian drink, these two commodities came to conquer Europe on a scale unsurpassed by any other American resource or product. A fascinating story of contact, exploration, and exchange in the Atlantic world, Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures traces the ways in which these two goods of the Americas both changed and were changed by Europe.
Focusing on the Spanish Empire, Marcy Norton investigates how tobacco and chocolate became material and symbolic links to the pre-Hispanic past for colonized Indians and colonizing Europeans alike. Botanical ambassadors of the American continent, they also profoundly affected Europe. Tobacco, once condemned as proof of Indian diabolism, became the constant companion of clergymen and the single largest source of state revenue in Spain. Before coffee or tea became popular in Europe, chocolate was the drink that energized the fatigued and uplifted the depressed. However, no one could quite forget the pagan past of tobacco and chocolate, despite their apparent Europeanization: physicians relied on Mesoamerican medical systems for their understanding of tobacco; theologians looked to Aztec precedent to decide whether chocolate drinking violated Lenten fasts.
The struggle of scientists, theologians, and aficionados alike to reconcile notions of European superiority with the fact of American influence shaped key modern developments ranging from natural history to secularization. Norton considers the material, social, and cultural interaction between Europe and the Americas with historical depth and insight that goes beyond the portrayal of Columbian exchange simply as a matter of exploitation, infection, and conquest.
Автор: Perry, Sarah Название: Essex girls ISBN: 1788167457 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781788167451 Издательство: Profile Рейтинг: Цена: 1213.00 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This is the first book to analyze the abuse of the internet for terrorism and crime purposes under two new perspectives: the persuasion and involvement of women and children as specific target user groups, and the development of new strategies to use extremist web forums as an open book in order to understand and gain insight into terrorist thinking. Web2.0 can be even more: an open door for dialogue, deradicalisation and ultimately a way out of the cocoon of terroristic isolation. This book presents the results of a unique cooperation between Israeli and German research centers with outstanding contributions to innovative security research. Two international conferences in Berlin in 2008 brought together worldwide leading authors both from academia and government. Most recent research results challenge the actual treatment of terroristic web forums by governmental agencies. This remarkable publication will open your eyes both on the real risks of terroristic web activities and new counter strategies from analysis to dialogue.
Описание: This book follows the red thread of cocoa / chocolate through geographically dispersed social and economic networks within the Spanish empire to investigate the mechanisms of its diffusion, as well as its role in promoting both democratization of consumption and economic growth in the 18th century.
Описание: Introduction: The "Chosen People" Agrarian Myths and Messier Realities Prologue: "The Interest of the County" Prince George's County Levy Court and Local Politics, Economy, and Society "The Way to Make a Huge Fortune" The Planters "One must differentiate oneself a little" Planter Gentility, Economy, Dynasty, and Politics "I Don't Stand to the Will" Yeomen Farmers and Smallholders "Being Allowed the Liberty" Tenant Farmers and Artisans "The Torment with the Servants" Wage Workers, Servants, and Slaves Epilogue: "Objects of Distress" The Poor and the Destitute Appendix: A Statistical Analysis of Wealth Distribution and Mobility
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