Описание: Challenges long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don`t arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation, but that revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of normal science.
Автор: Epstein Richard L. Название: The Internal Structure of Predicates and Names ISBN: 1938421310 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781938421310 Издательство: Неизвестно Цена: 7348.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание:
This series of volumes is meant to extend the scope of what we can formalize in classical predicate logic, and in doing so see the real limitations of what can be done.
The first section of this volume presents classical predicate logic with equality.
In the second section. that logic is extended to formalize reasoning that involves adverbs and relative adjectives by viewing those as modifiers of simpler predicates. What is normally taken to be an atomic predicate, such as "barking loudly", can then have internal structure. Reasoning that involves conjunctions of terms, as in "Tom and Dick lifted the table", conjunctions of modifiers, conjunctions of predicates, and disjunctions of predicates can also be formalized by viewing them as part of the internal structure of atomic predicates. Many questions about the nature of formalizing arise in doing this.
The internal structure of names is the topic of the third and last section. First, names for functions are used in classical predicate logic to form complex names. In our ordinary reasoning we also use descriptions to form functions, such as "the wife of ", and descriptions to form names, such as "the cat that scratched Zoe". To reason with those we can take account of their internal structure by dropping the assumption that every name must refer to a specific thing.
The formal systems that are developed here are not just formalisms but are meant to help us understand how to reason well. Many worked examples show how to use them. Those examples also uncover limitations of the formal work. Throughout this series of volumes, the work proceeds by abstracting and creating formal models to formalize reasoning. By paying attention to the process of abstracting we gain insight into why we consider some reasoning to be good and some reasoning bad, and insight also into the deeper assumptions we make about the world on which our judgments rely.
Автор: Manchak, Jb (university Of California, Irvine) Название: Global spacetime structure ISBN: 1108819532 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781108819534 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 2851.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This exploration of the global structure of spacetime within the context of general relativity examines the causal and singular structures of spacetime, revealing some of the curious possibilities that are compatible with the theory, such as `time travel` and `holes` of various types.
Автор: Pence Charles H. Название: The Causal Structure of Natural Selection ISBN: 1009100327 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781009100328 Издательство: Cambridge University Press Рейтинг: Цена: 15288.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Arguments concerning the nature of causation in evolutionary theory have involved answers to a variety of independent questions - definitions of key evolutionary concepts like natural selection, fitness, and genetic drift; causation in multi-level systems. This Element disentangles questions surrounding the causal structure of natural selection.
Автор: Benjamin, A. Cornelius Название: The Logical Structure of Science ISBN: 0367417979 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780367417970 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 19906.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Originally published in 1936. This book addresses the argument in the philosophy of science between the positivists and the anti-positivists. It presents an examination of science, metaphysics and a general theory of symbolism before a treatise showing that the development from one stage of symbolism to the next is inevitable.
Автор: J.D. Sneed Название: The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics ISBN: 9027710597 ISBN-13(EAN): 9789027710598 Издательство: Springer Рейтинг: Цена: 16769.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This book is about scientific theories of a particular kind - theories of mathematical physics. An attempt is made to say, rather precisely, what a theory of mathematical physics is and how you tell one such theory from anothe- what the identity conditions for these theories are.
Название: Science and the Structure of Ethics ISBN: 1138514373 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781138514379 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 6583.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Well positioned in the naturalistic tradition of ethical theory extending from John Dewey at the start and Richard Rorty at the conclusion of the century, Abraham Edel`s volume offers a remarkable synthesis of the ways hi which ethical statements can be examined, and the nature of ethical concerns.
Автор: Sullivan Название: Reference and Structure in the Philosophy of Language ISBN: 1138062634 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781138062634 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 7654.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание:
This volume investigates the precise contours of the connections between two foundational concepts: reference (the means of semantically expressing singular or object-dependent information) and structure (the having or lacking of meaningful sub-parts). Sullivan shows that the notion of structure, properly excavated, underlies and grounds various important points in the theory of reference. As such, this work builds on and further develops work by Bertrand Russell, Saul Kripke, David Kaplan, and Stephen Neale - principally, among many others.
Sullivan aims to clearly establish the intrinsic connections between structure and reference, which brings into focus informative and explanatory connections underlying otherwise disparate debates about various aspects of linguistic communication. The overall result is a simple, comprehensive lens that can help to clarify a wide range of semantic phenomena.
Описание: This book describes the social and economic conditions in Ireland in the second half of the 19th century, that is after the Great Famine. Though the famine severely affected the under-developed parts of Ireland, it did not greatly affect the Irish economy as a whole . On the contrary, an ever-increasing output was now spread over a falling population. GDP per capita went on rising, and people had more money to spread. The Government, the economy, agricultural and industrial, the churches, the educational system, medicine, the arts, the music, and the sports are described.
Автор: Burgess John P. Название: Rigor and Structure ISBN: 0198822677 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780198822677 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 9171.00 р. Наличие на складе: Нет в наличии.
Описание: John P. Burgess presents an illuminating study of the nature of mathematical rigor and of mathematical structure, and above all of the relation between them. He considers recent developments in the field including experimental mathematics and computerized formal proofs, and surveys many historical developments in mathematics, philosophy, and logic.
Автор: Newton-Smith, W. H. Название: The Structure of Time ISBN: 1138394068 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781138394063 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 5205.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Originally published in 1980. The author`s arguments here provide grounds for rejecting both the absolutist and the relativist theories of time and presents two new theories, shifting the traditional debate to a consideration of time as a theoretical structure and theoretical framework.
Автор: Rolf Hvidtfeldt Название: The Structure of Interdisciplinary Science ISBN: 3030081192 ISBN-13(EAN): 9783030081195 Издательство: Springer Рейтинг: Цена: 8384.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This book presents a novel approach to the analysis of interdisciplinary science based on the contemporary philosophical literature on scientific representation. The basic motivation for developing this approach is that epistemic issues are insufficiently dealt with in the existing literature on interdisciplinarity. This means that when interdisciplinary science is praised (as it often is), it is far from clear to what extent this praise is merited – at least if one cares about various more or less standardised measures of scientific quality. To develop a more adequate way of capturing what is going on in interdisciplinary science, the author draws inspiration from the rich philosophical literature on modelling, idealisation, perspectivism, and scientific pluralism. The discussion hereof reveals a number of critical pitfalls related to transferring mathematical and conceptual tools between scientific contexts, which should be relevant and interesting for anyone actively engaged in funding, evaluating, or carrying out interdisciplinary science.
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