Описание: The industrialization of food preservation and processing has been a dramatic development across Europe during modern times. This book sets out its story from the beginning of the nineteenth century when preservation of food from one harvest to another was essential to prevent hunger and even famine. Population growth and urbanization depended upon a break out from the ’biological ancien regime’ in which hunger was an ever-present threat. The application of mass production techniques by the food industries was essential to the modernization of Europe. From the mid-nineteenth century the development of food industries followed a marked regional pattern. After an initial growth in north-west Europe, the spread towards south-east Europe was slowed by social, cultural and political constraints. This was notable in the post-Second World War era. The picture of change in this volume is presented by case studies of countries ranging from the United Kingdom in the west to Romania in the east. All illustrate the role of food industries in creating new products that expanded the traditional cereal-based diet of pre-industrial Europe. Industrially preserved and processed foods provided new flavours and appetizing novelties which led to brand names recognized by consumers everywhere. Product marketing and advertising became fundamental to modern food retailing so that Europe’s largest food producers, Danone, Nestle and Unilever, are numbered amongst the world’s biggest companies.
First published in 1986, this book examines poverty and changing attitudes towards the poor and charity across England, France and Italy. It discusses the causes of poverty and the distinctions between the poor and the class-conscious proletariat. Taking early nineteenth-century Italy as a special study, it uses the exceptionally rich documentary sources from this time to examine such issues as charity, repression, the reasons why families suffered poverty and what strategies they adopted for survival. In this study, Stuart Woolf takes full account of recent work in historical demography and in sociological studies of poverty and the welfare state to produce this original and thoughtful work.
This book will be of interest to those studying the history of poverty, class and the welfare state.
Описание: The third volume of The Cambridge History of Russia provides an authoritative political, intellectual, social and cultural history of Russia and the Soviet Union during the twentieth century. This is the first major undertaking by historians to use the new sources that became available after the break-up of the USSR.
Описание: The book discusses the history of financial centres over the past two centuries taking into account the role of institutional and market organization, regulatory frameworks, and broader contextual political, historical, and economic factors.
Описание: Seen from the perspective of its diverse population, this first biography of Jeddah traces the city`s urban history and cosmopolitanism from the late Ottoman period to its present-day claim to multiculturalism, within the conservative environment of the Arabian Peninsula.
First published in 1986, this book examines poverty and changing attitudes towards the poor and charity across England, France and Italy. It discusses the causes of poverty and the distinctions between the poor and the class-conscious proletariat. Taking early nineteenth-century Italy as a special study, it uses the exceptionally rich documentary sources from this time to examine such issues as charity, repression, the reasons why families suffered poverty and what strategies they adopted for survival. In this study, Stuart Woolf takes full account of recent work in historical demography and in sociological studies of poverty and the welfare state to produce this original and thoughtful work.
This book will be of interest to those studying the history of poverty, class and the welfare state.
Описание: James Donovan takes a comprehensive approach to the history of the jury in modern France by investigating the legal, political, sociocultural, and intellectual aspects of jury trial from the Revolution through the twentieth century. He demonstrates that these juries, through their decisions, helped shape reform of the nation's criminal justice system.From their introduction in 1791 as an expression of the sovereignty of the people through the early 1900s, argues Donovan, juries often acted against the wishes of the political and judicial authorities, despite repeated governmental attempts to manipulate their composition. High acquittal rates for both political and nonpolitical crimes were in part due to juror resistance to the harsh and rigid punishments imposed by the Napoleonic Penal Code, Donovan explains. In response, legislators gradually enacted laws to lower penalties for certain crimes and to give jurors legal means to offer nuanced verdicts and to ameliorate punishments. Faced with persistently high acquittal rates, however, governments eventually took powers away from juries by withdrawing many cases from their purview and ultimately destroying the panels' independence in 1941.
Описание: The evil of female exploitation Human bondage and the exploitation of the weak, poor and vulnerable is as old as human kind itself. It is such a primal aspect of human nature that there have been long periods of history where it was considered the natural order, and in numerous cultures the members of which could dispassionately view the matter without it ever occurring to them that it might be morally reprehensible. Such is the mobility of morality. That situation, of course, prevailed openly in 'modern' western societies until very recently and certainly abides in the wider world less openly to this day. The traffic in young women to be used as labour slaves and especially those to be forced into prostitution has a history equally as long. Indeed, all know that this exploitation persists to the present time and is seemingly impossible to eradicate as it provides enormous revenue for the unscrupulous and gratification for the irrepressible base instincts of men. This book, written at the turn of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, sought in its day to make the public aware of the practice of 'white slavery' in an attempt to promote its eradication. The circumstances of the victims of times past may have been different in detail to those of today's enslaved, but the common thread of exploitation remains the same. This book is an interesting chronicle on the subject from an historical perspective and will engross all those interested in learning more. It poignantly demonstrates that the practice and the battle against human trafficking has been long established and-though the war proceeds without final victory or the expectation of it-long opposed. Available in softcover and hardback with dustjacket.
The evolution of inequality and its causes are of crucial importance to all scholars working in the social sciences. By focusing on the divergent development of North America and Latin America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Camps-Cura offers a comparative perspective of the relationship between human capital expansion and inequality in the long run. The book also explores the variables of education and inequality on children, work and gender.
Описание: Research on Portuguese orientalism has been mostly centred on the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and has focused on missionary work and Catholic orientalism. In contrast, reflection on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is scarce and has relied on individual case studies, notwithstanding the TECOP (Texts and Contexts of Portuguese Orientalism: The International Congresses of Orientalists, 1873-1973) research project. This edited collection is the result of an international forum (www.tecop.letras.ulisboa.pt) hosted by the Centre for Comparative Studies, the University of Lisbon. The editorial aim is to counter the scant attention paid to Portuguese orientalist scholarship, which has been peripheralized within the comparative history of western imperialisms at large and within national orientalisms in particular. Incorporating Portugal into a broader European colonial discourse about the East and discussing the responses to Portuguese colonial legacies gives visibility to the agency of the multiple actors and networks implicated in the Portuguese modern connection to the East. Essays cover former Portuguese India (Goa), Macau, Timor and Japan, as well as East Africa, Egypt, and even Angola as an expansive site of the Portuguese orientalist rhetoric. The chapters by necessity revisit Edward Said's Orientalism (1978), making use of its analytical framework. They foster an understanding of Portuguese orientalism as an epistemological system supported by an elite--either intellectual, scientific, or literary--that assumed different material manifestations in the shape of colonial policies, scientific expeditions, exhibitions, press and literary publications, radio broadcasts, and the institutionalization itself of orientalist knowledge. This is the first collection in the English language overtly expressing an intention to examine this epistemological contribution.
Описание: Extensive use is made of recent work by Dutch, Indonesian and Australian scholars to develop a number of key themes relating to economic growth and structural transformation of the Indonesian economy from the early 19th century to the present.
Описание: Extensive use is made of recent work by Dutch, Indonesian and Australian scholars to develop a number of key themes relating to economic growth and structural transformation of the Indonesian economy from the early 19th century to the present.
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