In 1897, as a white oligarchy made plans to allow the United States to annex Hawai'i, native Hawaiians organized a massive petition drive to protest. Ninety-five percent of the native population signed the petition, causing the annexation treaty to fail in the U.S. Senate. This event was unknown to many contemporary Hawaiians until Noenoe K. Silva rediscovered the petition in the process of researching this book. With few exceptions, histories of Hawai'i have been based exclusively on English-language sources. They have not taken into account the thousands of pages of newspapers, books, and letters written in the mother tongue of native Hawaiians. By rigorously analyzing many of these documents, Silva fills a crucial gap in the historical record. In so doing, she refutes the long-held idea that native Hawaiians passively accepted the erosion of their culture and loss of their nation, showing that they actively resisted political, economic, linguistic, and cultural domination. Drawing on Hawaiian-language texts, primarily newspapers produced in the nineteenth century and early twentieth, Silva demonstrates that print media was central to social communication, political organizing, and the perpetuation of Hawaiian language and culture. A powerful critique of colonial historiography, Aloha Betrayed provides a much-needed history of native Hawaiian resistance to American imperialism.
Описание: Tracing the lives of some two hundred Native Hawaiian teachers, preachers, pastors, and missionaries, this volume provides new historical perspectives of the indigenous ministry in Hawai`i.
Автор: Ahukini Kupihea, Bryan Kamaoli Kuwada, C. M. Kaliko Baker, Hiapokeikikane Kichie Perreira, Jonathan Kay Kamakawiwo‘ole Osorio, Kahikina de Silva, Kaip Название: Mo`olelo: The Foundation of Hawaiian Knowledge ISBN: 0824895118 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780824895112 Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan) Рейтинг: Цена: 2257.00 р. Наличие на складе: Нет в наличии.
Описание: An essential contribution to contemporary Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) scholarship, Moʻolelo: The Foundation of Hawaiian Knowledge elevates our understanding of the importance of language and narrative to cultural revitalization. Moʻolelo preserve the words, phrases, sentences, idioms, proverbs, and poetry that define Kānaka Maoli. Encompassing narratives, literature, histories, and traditions, moʻolelo are intimately entwined with cultural identity, reciprocal relationships, and the valuing of place, collectively informing and enriching all Hawaiian life. The contributors, all Kanaka Maoli scholars, artists, and advocates from across the Pae ʻĀina o Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian archipelago), all fluent in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language), describe how moʻolelo constantly inform their linguistic, literary, translation, rhetorical, and performance practices, as well as their political and cultural work. Chapters in ‘Ōlelo Hawaiʻi alternate with chapters in English, with translanguaging appearing when needed.
Kamalani Johnson honors Larry Kauanoe Kimura’s commitment to the revitalization of ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi. Cover artist ʻAhukini Kupihea tells the story of his own creative process and uncovers the layers of meaning behind his artwork. Through careful analysis of nineteenth-century texts, R. Keawe Lopes, Jr., demonstrates the importance of moʻolelo and mele (song/poetic expression) preservation. Hiapo Perriera explores the profound relationship between moʻolelo and the resurgence of kākāʻōlelo (oratory). Kekuhi KealiʻikanakaʻoleoHaililani shares a methodology and praxis for engaging with moʻolelo. Highlighting the ideology of aloha ʻāina embedded in mele, Kahikina de Silva reveals themes of political resistance found in mele about food. Kaipulaumakaniolono Baker examines mele that archive key movements in Hawaiʻi’s history and employs contemporary practices to document current events. Tammy Hailiʻōpua Baker delineates the political implications of drawing on moʻolelo heritage in Kanaka Maoli theatre. kuʻualoha hoʻomanawanui focuses upon moʻolelo found in the politically conscious artwork of Kanaka Maoli wāhine (women) visual artists. Kamaoli Kuwada evaluates the difficulties and benefits of translation and stresses the importance of fluency. C. M. Kaliko Baker further demonstrates how fluency and comprehension of moʻolelo make it possible to retrieve essential empirical data on Hawaiian linguistic practice. Kalehua Krug takes us on his journey of learning to become a kākau mōlī (traditional tattoo artist). The essays together provide rich perspectives for Kānaka Maoli seeking to understand their pasts, to define who they are today, and to set their courses for desired and necessary futures.
Описание: Leveraging Sovereignty: Kauikeaouli’s Global Strategy for the Hawaiian Nation, 1825–1854 examines the leadership of Hawai‘i’s longest reigning monarch, King Kamehameha III. It highlights the early 1840s, when Kauikeaouli secured recognition from the United States, Britain, and France that he ruled over an independent and sovereign Hawaiian state. Britain and France, however, sought to limit his powers through forced extraterritorial treaties, and the king struggled to regain ruling control over key governance functions. At the same time, foreign merchants and traders increasingly dominated Hawai‘i’s economic activity, demanded institutional and social changes, and threatened to overwhelm the Hawaiian population already decimated by disease and out-migration. Kauikeaouli quickly responded to threats to the monarchy’s power with a comprehensive strategy to regain and maintain full functional control. In Leveraging Sovereignty, J. Susan Corley upends the popular narrative begun in Kauikeaouli’s own lifetime that his white ministers ruled in his stead. Adding a new layer of understanding, Corley’s meticulous research reveals insights into historical events and Kauikeaouli’s reign. She supports her findings of the king’s policies and tactical negotiations with an extensive use of Kamehameha III’s own commands as recorded in kingdom archives, letters and documents from government records, and contemporary Hawaiian- and English-language newspaper accounts. While this book includes an overview of the kingdom’s administrative structure in the 1840s, its analysis focuses on the origination, implementation, and effectiveness of key statecraft tactics. The king’s carefully planned strategy relied on the acquisition of western ministerial skills and of an English-language newspaper (the Polynesian) to publicly defend his sovereign rights and privileges at home and abroad. He ensured the enactment of legislation to defeat foreigners’ challenges by strengthening juridical processes and safeguarding land-title rights for Hawaiians, and he deftly managed the multistage renegotiation of unequal international treaties. By the end of his reign in 1854, Kamehameha III’s strategy had succeeded: The king had reclaimed unrestricted power and authority over all governance areas of the independent, sovereign Hawaiian state. He delivered to his successor Kamehameha IV a restructured, constitutional state whose sovereign status was protected by the three maritime powers of that time.
Автор: Albert J. Schutz Название: Hawaiian Language: Past, Present, and Future ISBN: 0824869834 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780824869830 Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan) Рейтинг: Цена: 3511.00 р. Наличие на складе: Нет в наличии.
Описание: Hawaiian: Past, Present, Future presents aspects of Hawaiian and its history that are rarely treated in language classes. The major characters in this book make up a diverse cast: Dutch merchants, Captain Cook’s naturalist and philologist William Anderson, ‘?p?kaha‘ia (the inspiration for the Hawaiian Mission), the American lexicographer Noah Webster, philologists in New England, missionary-linguists and their Hawaiian consultants, and many minor players.The account begins in prehistory, placing the probable origins of the ancestor of Polynesian languages in Mainland Asia. An evolving family tree reflects the linguistic changes that took place as these people moved east. The current versions are examined from a Hawaiian-centered point of view, comparing the sound system of the language with those of its major relatives in the Polynesian triangle. More recent historical topics begin with the first written samples of a Polynesian language in 1616, which led to the birth of the idea of a widespread language family. The next topic is how the Hawaiian alphabet was developed. The first efforts suffered from having too many letters, a problem that was solved in 1826 through brilliant reasoning by its framers and their Hawaiian consultants. The opposite problem was that the alphabet didn’t have enough letters: analysts either couldn’t hear or misinterpreted the glottal stop and long vowels. The end product of the development of the alphabet—literacy—is more complicated than some statistics would have us believe. As for its success or failure, both points of view, from contemporary observers, are presented. Still, it cannot be denied that literacy had a tremendous and lasting effect on Hawaiian culture.The last part of the book concentrates on the most-used Hawaiian reference works—dictionaries. It describes current projects that combine print and manuscript collections on a searchable website. These projects can include the growing body of manuscript and print material that is being made available through recent and on-going research. As for the future, a proposed monolingual dictionary would allow users to avoid an English bridge to understanding, and move directly to a definition that includes Hawaiian cultural features and a Hawaiian world view.
Описание: The sociopolitical climate of Hawai‘i has changed substantially in recent decades, and archaeologists working to decipher the islands’ past are increasingly faced with a complexity of issues involving Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) concerns. Among these are the push for sovereignty; cultural perpetuation and revitalization; legal challenges to Kanaka Maoli programs, such as Hawaiian Home Lands and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs; and compliance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). In Kuleana and Commitment, Kathleen L. Kawelu examines the entangled interactions between Kanaka Maoli and archaeologists in Hawai‘i by conducting an ethnographic investigation of the discipline of archaeology itself. She explores the development of Hawaiian archaeology, discusses important cases of the recent past, and focuses on the interpersonal relationships between these two key groups involved in heritage management in Hawai‘i.By revealing and understanding the contemporary attitudes of Kanaka Maoli and archaeologists toward each other, Kawelu suggests a change in trajectory toward a more collaborative approach in practicing Hawaiian archaeology. Through interviews with individuals from both communities, Kawelu taps into collective narratives that reveal two overarching themes. The first narrative speaks about the continuation of Kanaka Maoli cultural practices and beliefs, for example, kuleana (responsibility); the second speaks about the kind of commitment to Hawaiian archaeology and Kanaka Maoli descendants that is desired from archaeologists. Requests for respect, communication, and partnership are heard in the narratives. These same qualities also serve as the foundation for community-based archaeology, which challenges the exclusive access of archaeologists to the past and places the discipline and its practitioners among a broader group of stakeholders, particularly descendant communities.
Описание: Examines the leadership of Hawai`i`s longest reigning monarch, King Kamehameha III. The book highlights the early 1840s, when Kauikeaouli secured recognition from the United States, Britain, and France that he ruled over an independent and sovereign Hawaiian state.
Описание: In this groundbreaking work, Peter Mills reveals a wealth of insight into the emergence of the Hawaiian nation-state from sources mostly ignored by colonial and post-colonial historians alike. By examining how early Hawaiian chiefs appropriated Western sailing technology to help build their island nation, Mills presents the fascinating history of sixty Hawaiian-owned schooners, brigs, barks, and peleleu canoes. While these vessels have often been dismissed as examples of chiefly folly, Mills highlights their significance in Hawaiʻi’s rapidly evolving monarchy, and aptly demonstrates how the monarchy’s own nineteenth-century sailing fleet facilitated fundamental transformations of interisland tributary systems, alliance building, exchange systems, and emergent forms of Indigenous capitalism.
Part One covers broad trends in Hawaiʻi’s changing maritime traditions, beginning with the evolution of Hawaiian archaic states in the precontact era. Mills argues that Indigenous trends towards political intensification under the predecessors to Kamehameha I set the stage for Kamehameha’s own rapid appropriation of Western sailing vessels. From the first procurement of a Western-style vessel in 1790 through the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in 1840, these vessels were part of a nuanced strategy that promoted a diverse revenue base for the monarchy and developed greater international parity in Hawaiʻi’s foreign diplomacy.
Part Two presents the histories of the sixty vessels owned by Hawaiian chiefs between 1790 and 1840, discussing their significance, origin, physical attributes, ownership, procurement, and purpose. Using newspapers and other concurrent sources, Mills uncovers little-known details of more than 2,000 voyages around and between the islands and to distant parts of the Pacific. His meticulous documentation of each ship’s itinerary is a valuable resource for tracking the movement of chiefs and commoners between islands as they engaged in the business of building a newly interconnected Hawaiian nation.
Part Three connects these previously neglected maritime stories with an expanding body of historical treatments of Hawaiian agency. Readers with enthusiasm for life in nineteenth-century Hawaiʻi will appreciate the entertaining and, at times, deeply moving glimpses into the daily lives of individuals in Hawaiʻi’s pluralistic port communities.
Автор: Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau Название: Ke Kumu Aupuni: The Foundation of Hawaiian Nationhood ISBN: 0988262983 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780988262980 Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan) Рейтинг: Цена: 11781.00 р. Наличие на складе: Нет в наличии.
Описание: Ke Kumu Aupuni: The Foundation of Hawaiian Nationhood embodies a monumental history of Hawaiʻi, from the beginnings and political rise of Kamehameha I, the negotiations and battles that would come to unify Hawai‘i’s islands and kingdoms, and the development of a single government that would endure, to be ruled by his son and heir, Liholiho, Kamehameha II. This narrative is an invaluable catalog of data about Hawai‘i, Hawaiians, and the nature of national and cultural identity in the Pacific.
Offered here in both Hawaiian and English, this history gives rich detail regarding Hawai‘i’s lands, genealogies, gods, chiefs, sociopolitical climate, material culture, laws, agriculture, and social decorums, much of which still lingered in the memories of the living informants who were accessible to the original author, Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau. From this Hawaiian scholar, trained at the Lahainaluna Seminary in the 1830s, readers are given an extraordinary fabric of cultural and historical knowledge in print, recounting life in Hawai‘i before and during the early interactions with foreigners, the influence of new religion, the negotiation of borders for trade and diplomacy within and beyond the islands, and the introduction of writing and printing in both Hawaiian and English.
This book presents the entire first third of Kamakau’s massive serial column, a section comprised of 60 articles published weekly from 1866 to 1868 in Ka Nupepa Kuokoa under the title "Ka Moolelo o Kamehameha I." This immense assemblageprovides the author’s original text, a biography for Kamakau, and introductory texts that document the means by which this translation has come to exist, itself a history of language recovery and preservation. Illuminating the imbricate nature and plurality of Hawaiian historical methodologies and cultural logics, this text allows readers the opportunity to enjoy the dense storytelling of a Hawaiian master and the chance to interpret language alongside the translator, Puakea Nogelmeier.
While the book contains an extensive bilingual index, this publication is also available as an ebook for full searchability.
Hoʻokino ihola ʻo Ke Kumu Aupuni: The Foundation of Hawaiian Nationhood i ka moʻolelo kuamoʻo o Hawaiʻi, mai kinohi mai o ke ola o Kamehameha I, i kona piʻi ʻana ma ka pae noho aliʻi, i nā ʻaelike me nā kaua i hoʻopili ʻia ai a lōkahi nā moku me nā noho aliʻi, a i kona hoʻokahua ʻana i aupuni hoʻokahi e kūmau ana, na kāna keiki a hoʻoilina auaneʻi, na Liholiho, Kamehameha II, e noho mōʻī. He ʻohina nui a waiwai hoʻi kēia moʻolelo o ka ʻike no Hawaiʻi, no ka poʻe Hawaiʻi, a no ke ʻano iho o ke aupuni a me ka nohona kanaka ma ka Pākīpika.
Ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me ka Pelekane, ka‘ana maila kēia moʻolelo i ka wehewehe makaliʻi ʻana i ko Hawaiʻi mau ʻāina, moʻo kūʻauhau, akua, aliʻi, kūlana kālaiʻāina, lako nohona, kānāwai, ʻoihana mahi, a loina nohona, ia mau mea i koe nui paha ma nā waihona hoʻomanaʻo o nā kānaka e ola ana i ka wā o ka mea kākau kumu, ʻo Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau. Mai kēia loea Hawaiʻi mai, i aʻo ʻia a lehia ma ke Kulanui ʻo Lahainaluna ma nā 1830, loaʻa ihola i ka poʻe heluhelu kekahi kilohana kūkahi o ka ʻike moʻolelo a nohona kanaka i paʻi ʻia ihola a e hōʻike akāka mai ana i ke ʻano o ke ola ma Hawaiʻi ma mua a ma loko hoʻi o ka launa mua ʻana me ko nā ʻāina ʻē, ke komo ʻana o ka hoʻomana hou, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā palena ʻāina no ka hana kālepa me ka hana pili kālaiʻāina ma waena a ma waho aʻe o nā moku, pū nō me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike palapala ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me ka Pelekane.
ʻO ka hapakolu mua kēia o ka huina o kā Kamakau kaʻina kolamu nui loa, a ma ʻaneʻi nā ʻatikala he 60 i paʻi ʻia i nā pule pākahi mai ka 1866 a i ka 1868 ma Ka Nupepa Kuokoa me ke poʻomanaʻo ʻo "Ka Moolelo o Kamehameha I." Ma loko o nēia pūʻulu nunui ka moʻolelo kumu a ka mea kākau, ka moʻolelo pilikino no Kamakau, a me ka ʻōlelo hoʻolauna e hoʻopaʻa ana i ke kaʻina i hoʻokino ʻia mai ai kēia unuhi na, ʻo ia ihola kahi moʻolelo no ka hoʻōla a hoʻomau ʻana i ka ʻōlelo ʻōiwi. Ma o ka hoʻomāʻamaʻama ʻana i ke ʻano nuʻanuʻa a manamana i kahu ʻia ai ka moʻolelo a i kūkulu ʻia ai nā manaʻo kanaka, hiki i ka mea heluhelu ke hoʻonanea i ka haʻi moʻolelo ʻana mai o kekahi o nā loea Hawaiʻi, a hiki hoʻi ke kālai pū maila a unuhi ihola i ka ʻōlelo me Puakea Nogelmeier.
ʻOiai lako kēīa puke i ka papakuhikuhi nui ma nā ʻōlelo ʻelua, aia hoʻi kēia puke ma ke ʻano ʻīpuke me kona ʻano i hiki ke ʻimi piha ʻia ihola.
Автор: Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau Название: Ke Kumu Aupuni: The Foundation of Hawaiian Nationhood ISBN: 0988262991 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780988262997 Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan) Рейтинг: Цена: 9425.00 р. Наличие на складе: Нет в наличии.
Описание: Ke Kumu Aupuni: The Foundation of Hawaiian Nationhood embodies a monumental history of Hawaiʻi, from the beginnings and political rise of Kamehameha I, the negotiations and battles that would come to unify Hawai‘i’s islands and kingdoms, and the development of a single government that would endure, to be ruled by his son and heir, Liholiho, Kamehameha II. This narrative is an invaluable catalog of data about Hawai‘i, Hawaiians, and the nature of national and cultural identity in the Pacific.
Offered here in both Hawaiian and English, this history gives rich detail regarding Hawai‘i’s lands, genealogies, gods, chiefs, sociopolitical climate, material culture, laws, agriculture, and social decorums, much of which still lingered in the memories of the living informants who were accessible to the original author, Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau. From this Hawaiian scholar, trained at the Lahainaluna Seminary in the 1830s, readers are given an extraordinary fabric of cultural and historical knowledge in print, recounting life in Hawai‘i before and during the early interactions with foreigners, the influence of new religion, the negotiation of borders for trade and diplomacy within and beyond the islands, and the introduction of writing and printing in both Hawaiian and English.
This book presents the entire first third of Kamakau’s massive serial column, a section comprised of 60 articles published weekly from 1866 to 1868 in Ka Nupepa Kuokoa under the title "Ka Moolelo o Kamehameha I." This immense assemblageprovides the author’s original text, a biography for Kamakau, and introductory texts that document the means by which this translation has come to exist, itself a history of language recovery and preservation. Illuminating the imbricate nature and plurality of Hawaiian historical methodologies and cultural logics, this text allows readers the opportunity to enjoy the dense storytelling of a Hawaiian master and the chance to interpret language alongside the translator, Puakea Nogelmeier.
While the book contains an extensive bilingual index, this publication is also available as an ebook for full searchability.
Hoʻokino ihola ʻo Ke Kumu Aupuni: The Foundation of Hawaiian Nationhood i ka moʻolelo kuamoʻo o Hawaiʻi, mai kinohi mai o ke ola o Kamehameha I, i kona piʻi ʻana ma ka pae noho aliʻi, i nā ʻaelike me nā kaua i hoʻopili ʻia ai a lōkahi nā moku me nā noho aliʻi, a i kona hoʻokahua ʻana i aupuni hoʻokahi e kūmau ana, na kāna keiki a hoʻoilina auaneʻi, na Liholiho, Kamehameha II, e noho mōʻī. He ʻohina nui a waiwai hoʻi kēia moʻolelo o ka ʻike no Hawaiʻi, no ka poʻe Hawaiʻi, a no ke ʻano iho o ke aupuni a me ka nohona kanaka ma ka Pākīpika.
Ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me ka Pelekane, ka‘ana maila kēia moʻolelo i ka wehewehe makaliʻi ʻana i ko Hawaiʻi mau ʻāina, moʻo kūʻauhau, akua, aliʻi, kūlana kālaiʻāina, lako nohona, kānāwai, ʻoihana mahi, a loina nohona, ia mau mea i koe nui paha ma nā waihona hoʻomanaʻo o nā kānaka e ola ana i ka wā o ka mea kākau kumu, ʻo Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau. Mai kēia loea Hawaiʻi mai, i aʻo ʻia a lehia ma ke Kulanui ʻo Lahainaluna ma nā 1830, loaʻa ihola i ka poʻe heluhelu kekahi kilohana kūkahi o ka ʻike moʻolelo a nohona kanaka i paʻi ʻia ihola a e hōʻike akāka mai ana i ke ʻano o ke ola ma Hawaiʻi ma mua a ma loko hoʻi o ka launa mua ʻana me ko nā ʻāina ʻē, ke komo ʻana o ka hoʻomana hou, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā palena ʻāina no ka hana kālepa me ka hana pili kālaiʻāina ma waena a ma waho aʻe o nā moku, pū nō me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike palapala ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me ka Pelekane.
ʻO ka hapakolu mua kēia o ka huina o kā Kamakau kaʻina kolamu nui loa, a ma ʻaneʻi nā ʻatikala he 60 i paʻi ʻia i nā pule pākahi mai ka 1865 a i ka 1868 ma Ka Nupepa Kuokoa me ke poʻomanaʻo ʻo "Ka Moolelo o Kamehameha I." Ma loko o nēia pūʻulu nunui ka moʻolelo kumu a ka mea kākau, ka moʻolelo pilikino no Kamakau, a me ka ʻōlelo hoʻolauna e hoʻopaʻa ana i ke kaʻina i hoʻokino ʻia mai ai kēia unuhi na, ʻo ia ihola kahi moʻolelo no ka hoʻōla a hoʻomau ʻana i ka ʻōlelo ʻōiwi. Ma o ka hoʻomāʻamaʻama ʻana i ke ʻano nuʻanuʻa a manamana i kahu ʻia ai ka moʻolelo a i kūkulu ʻia ai nā manaʻo kanaka, hiki i ka mea heluhelu ke hoʻonanea i ka haʻi moʻolelo ʻana mai o kekahi o nā loea Hawaiʻi, a hiki hoʻi ke kālai pū maila a unuhi ihola i ka ʻōlelo me Puakea Nogelmeier.
ʻOiai lako kēīa puke i ka papakuhikuhi nui ma nā ʻōlelo ʻelua, aia hoʻi kēia puke ma ke ʻano ʻīpuke me kona ʻano i hiki ke ʻimi piha ʻia ihola.
Описание: Davida Malo’s Mo?olelo Hawai?i is the single most important description of pre-Christian Hawaiian culture. Malo, born in 1795, twenty-five years before the coming of Christianity to Hawai?i, wrote about everything from traditional cosmology and accounts of ancestral chiefs to religion and government to traditional amusements. The heart of this two-volume work is a new, critically edited text of Malo’s original Hawaiian, including the manuscript known as the "Carter copy," handwritten by him and two helpers in the decade before his death in 1853. Volume 1 provides images of the original text, side by side with the new edited text. Volume 2 presents the edited Hawaiian text side by side with a new annotated English translation. Malo’s text has been edited at two levels. First, the Hawaiian has been edited through a careful comparison of all the extant manuscripts, attempting to restore Malo’s original text, with explanations of the editing choices given in the footnotes. Second, the orthography of the Hawaiian text has been modernized to help today’s readers of Hawaiian by adding diacritical marks (‘okina and kahak?, or glottal stop and macron, respectively) and the punctuation has been revised to signal the end of clauses and sentences. The new English translation attempts to remain faithful to the edited Hawaiian text while avoiding awkwardness in the English. Both volumes contain substantial introductions. The introduction to Volume 1 (in Hawaiian) discusses the manuscripts of Malo’s text and their history. The introduction to Volume 2 contains two essays that provide context to help the reader understand Malo’s Moolelo Hawaii. "Understanding Malo’s Moolelo Hawaii" describes the nature of Malo’s work, showing that it is the result of his dual Hawaiian and Western education. "The Writing of the Moolelo Hawaii" discusses how the Carter copy was written and preserved, its relationship to other versions of the text, and Malo’s plan for the work as a whole. The introduction is followed by a new biography of Malo by Kanaka Maoli historian Noelani Arista, "Davida Malo, a Hawaiian Life," describing his life as a chiefly counselor and Hawaiian intellectual.
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